In-fighting broke out in Paris following this law, as different factions fought for control of the press, but the law gave power to the Committee of Public Safety, According to Brinton the Thermidorian Reaction is characterized by a few traits including the establishment of a Tyrant, ''an unconstitutional ruler brought to power by revolution". Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. [38], Upon receiving news that Robespierre and his allies had not been imprisoned, the National Convention, which was in permanent session, declared that Robespierre, Saint-Just, and the other deputies were outlaws, and commanded armed forces to enter the Htel de Ville. from France. The new regime, known as The Directory, introduced more conservative policies aimed at stabilizing the revolutionary government. In the south, especially in Provence and the Rhne valley, the frontier between private feuds and political reaction blurred as law and order broke down. Thermidor (French pronunciation:[tmid]) was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. (Sometimes it is said that it was first prepared for Napoleon I during the month of Thermidor; others[who?] Jacques-Alexis Thuriot, who had been a friend of the executed Danton, muttered to a companion, "Look at the bugger. [35] Robespierre attempted to defend himself, but was silenced by the commotion within the Convention and by the screaming deputies condemning him as a tyrant and conspirator. Illustration. ","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Alfred Mouillard"},"creditText":"Alfred Mouillard / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2022-11-29T08:18:50+0000","datePublished":"2022-11-29T08:18:49+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Robespierre Taken to the Guillotine","height":599,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Mouillard_-_Robespierre_partant_%C3%A0_la_guillotine.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16738/robespierre-taken-to-the-guillotine/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16738/robespierre-taken-to-the-guillotine/","width":444}. }); Housed in the Mus\u00e9e Carnavalet. This Thermidorian Reaction corresponded to the final phase of the Convention (July 1794 to October 1795). had turned against him. It signaled the end of the Reign of Terror, the end of Jacobin dominance of the French Revolution (1789-1799), and the beginning of the Thermidorian Reaction. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. in the population. Nature & Climate The National Convention responded to their demands by heaping executive power onto a twelve-man assembly known as the Committee of Public Safety, which was tasked with defending the Republic and unmasking domestic traitors. The Thermidorian Reaction was a violent end to the Reign of Terror, but it also marked the beginning of a new chapter in French history. Francois Furet & Mona Ozouf & Arthur Goldhammer. [14] Robespierre led the processions during the Festival in Honor of the Supreme Being celebrated on 8 June (20 Prairial). The Terror came to an end shortly after, but its legacy has long French Revolution: Counterrevolution, regicide, and the Reign of Terror. Thermidorian Reaction - Wikipedia Exiles to Guiana in South America. The Coup d'tat of 9 Thermidor or the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre is the series of events beginning with Maximilien Robespierre's address to the National Convention on 8 Thermidor Year II (26 July 1794), his arrest the next day, and his execution on 10 Thermidor Year II (28 July 1794). He was a member of the Committee of Public Safety, and he was a fervent believer in the The tenth of his group to be executed, Robespierre's death caused uproarious applause from the crowd that apparently lasted for 15 minutes. survival and decided to use killing and fear to remove any potential threats to its power. Original image by Flix Auvray. The Committee of Public Safety, which was the ruling body of the new regime, began to implement a series of measures designed to crush opposition and instill fear who crushed all opposing groups. Thousands of people were arrested, and many more fled the country. He was executed by guillotine, like the others. On the 1st of August, 1793, the Convention decreed that anyone who opposed the government could be arrested and executed without a trial. Robespierre sat in the tumbril, eyes closed, features obscured by his bandages. They were all condemned to die that day and were carted off to the guillotine. 24 Jul 2023. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. At 2 a.m. on 28 July, soldiers in the pay of Paul Barras entered the Htel de Ville, having snuck passed Hanriot's National Guardsmen by guessing the rather obvious password: "Vive Robespierre". Robespierre concluded his speech with his usual promise that he would gladly give his life for the good of the fatherland. Terror. It was replaced by several forms of government, each more oppressive than the last. Whichever case, his absence allowed his enemies time to gather and plan their attack. The Terror had been implemented to guide the French Republic through a particularly turbulent time. ","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jean-Joseph Weerts"},"creditText":"Jean-Joseph Weerts / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2022-11-29T08:16:25+0000","datePublished":"2022-11-29T08:16:24+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Saint-Just and Robespierre at the H\u00f4tel de Ville, on the night of 9 Thermidor Year II","height":526,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16737/saint-just-and-robespierre-at-the-hotel-de-ville-o/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16737/saint-just-and-robespierre-at-the-hotel-de-ville-o/","width":800}. crisis, the new regime turned to terror as a way to consolidate its power and silence its opponents. [41], "Fall of Robespierre" redirects here. In the speech of 8 Thermidor, Robespierre spoke of the existence of internal enemies, conspirators, and calumniators, within the Convention and the governing Committees. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Learning Objective Describe the events of the Thermidorian Reaction Key Points Unidentified painter, c. 1790. Thermidorian Reaction. Auvray, Flix. He did not reappear until 23 July (5 Thermidor), when he sat for another joint convention of the two Committees put forward in a failed attempt to resolve their mutual differences. This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions. The Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III against the Thermidorian regime fails. Some of the condemned had to be carried up to the guillotine, but Robespierre ascended the steps unaided. jsQueue(()=>{ Cite This Work "Prairial Uprising of Year III." Effectively, the law intensified the Terror by accelerating trials and increasing the likelihood of a guilty verdict, which now necessarily meant death. The Vende was a stronghold of royalist sentiment, which had risen up in The Thermidorian Reaction refers to the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799) between the fall of Maximilien Robespierre on 27-28 July 1794 and the establishment of the French Directory on 2 November 1795. Help us and translate this article into another language! For the counter-revolutionary, there is a grim satisfaction in the Thermidorian Reaction. Also, how much can we blame such events on Robespierre, the Jacobins, the Committee of Public Safety, etc? Thermidorian Reaction on Twitter submission. [37] None of the city prisons wanted to arrest the deputies and officials, and once a deputation from the Paris Commune, which had risen in support of Robespierre, arrived to the city prisons demanding they refuse to take in the arrested, the prison officials complied. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why did Civil War break out in Saint-Domingue in 1799?, The mountain was able to defeat the Girondists in the national Assembly by allying with what group of people?, How can France be described politically under Napoleon and more. $('.chk_timeline_types:checked').each(function(elem) { Constitution of 1795 (Year III) | Napoleonic Code - Britannica This decree led to the arrest and In particular, the sansculotte Jacques Hbert and his followers were arrested and executed. }); At 9 a.m., Robespierre, Couthon, and Saint-Just were finally taken before the Revolutionary Tribunal; the mangled corpse of Le Bas and the dying Augustin Robespierre were also dragged in, as were Hanriot, Payen, and 16 other officials loyal to Robespierre. Festival of the Supreme BeingPierre-Antoine Demachy (Public Domain) [5] During the months between September 1793 and July 1794, the Committee's power increased dramatically due to several measures instated during the Terror, such as Law of Suspects, and the latter Law of 14th Frimaire, becoming the de facto executive branch of the Revolutionary Government, under the supervision of the National Convention. World History Encyclopedia, 02 Dec 2022. Hanriot ordered the Paris prisons to refuse to accept any prisoners being delivered by order of the National Convention. "Rira bien qui rira le dernier": Mocking Terror after Thermidor The Law of 14 Frimaire was a major blow to freedom of expression in France and led to the silencing of many voices that were critical of the government. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Vacancies on CPS and CGS filled by moderates What happened on 1st August (14 Thermidor)? [4], On 27 July 1793, Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, and would remain a member until his death. The Thermidorian Reaction refers to the period of the French Revolution Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794) was a French lawyer who became Maximilien Franois Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) was Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just (1767-1794) was a prominent figure World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases. The Reign of Terror was particularly brutal in the Vende, a region in western France. Thermidorian Reaction | Assassin's Creed Wiki | Fandom He had been up all night preparing the speech that he was now about to deliver before the National Convention, on the beautiful sunny morning of 27 July 1794. There is a song recorded by J-pop artist Nana Mizuki by the name of "Thermidor". The most famous victim was Marie Antoinette, who was executed on the arrest and execution of thousands of other people: again, many of whom were innocent.